This post is part of the T-SQL Tuesday, which is a monthly blog party on the second Tuesday of each month. Everyone is welcome and have the chance to write about SQL Server.
This month’s topic is The daily (database-related) WTF, and one of the most important things for DBA’s is security, so there it is my Security audit WTF.
Background
Security is a very important piece of work for database professionals and it doesn’t matter if you have just landed in a new company, you are a consultant or you work in a team where multiple people have elevated privileges on the servers, it is always good to know who can do what within your server, (aka who have the right to take it down).
I’m not sure what it’d scare me more, if there are many [sysadmin] or just [sa] because the first one is scary, but the second involves to find out who knows the [sa] password and knowing who did what, can be a real pain in the neck.
One way or another, as I said, I want to know the different people and level of access to my server[s], so back in the day I created this stored procedure which now I want to share with you guys.
We can find all that info using DMV’s and in my case I use sys.server_principals, sys.server_role_members and sys.server_permissions and some stored procedure which I bet it’s not that well known, sys.xp_logininfo which help to get more granular picture from Windows AD Groups.
Big WTFs I found include third party applications logins with elevated privileges in a shared server (sysadmin, serveradmin and so on), dev or test logins in production, multiple logins for people left the company years ago, multiple logins that can be grouped in a Windows AD Group and much more, there is a lot of creativity out there 🙂
The hack
So there we go, this is the script, and I have to say that is one of those I use all the time to double check security problems.
USE [master];
GO
IF OBJECT_ID('dbo.sqlg_securityAuditServerLogins') IS NULL EXECUTE sp_executesql N'CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.sqlg_securityAuditServerLogins AS RETURN';
GO
SET ANSI_NULLS ON;
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON;
GO
-- =============================================
-- Author: Raul Gonzalez @SQLDoubleG
-- Create date: 28/06/2013
-- Description: Returns Server Login information
-- This SP returns
-- - Server logins with server roles and permissions, logins included if it is a Windows Group, groups the login belong to and database users mapped to the login
--
-- Change log: 2014-03-04 RAG - Removed the last 2 resultsets and included that info into que main one, columns [IncludedLogins] and [IncludedInWindowsGroups]
-- - Functionality to search a AD user when is included in a Windows Group
-- 2014-05-15 RAG - Included list of database users the login is mapped to
-- 2014-09-09 RAG - Added column CREATE_LOGIN, which contain the script required to recreate the login and its server roles if any
-- 2016-05-13 RAG - Fixed bug when scripting server roles
-- 2017-03-14 RAG - Removed deprecated view syslogins
-- - Added state_desc to the permisssion list (DENY, REVOKE, GRANT, GRANT_WITH_GRANT_OPTION)
-- - Added server permisssions to the CREATE LOGIN statement
--
-- Copyright: (C) 2017 Raul Gonzalez (@SQLDoubleG https://www.sqldoubleg.com)
--
-- THIS CODE AND INFORMATION ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
-- ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
-- TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A
-- PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
--
-- THE AUTHOR SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU OR ANY THIRD PARTY FOR ANY INDIRECT,
-- SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, PUNITIVE, COVER, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND
--
-- YOU MAY ALTER THIS CODE FOR YOUR OWN *NON-COMMERCIAL* PURPOSES. YOU MAY
-- REPUBLISH ALTERED CODE AS LONG AS YOU INCLUDE THIS COPYRIGHT AND GIVE DUE CREDIT.
--
-- =============================================
ALTER PROCEDURE [dbo].[sqlg_securityAuditServerLogins]
@loginName SYSNAME = NULL
AS
BEGIN
SET NOCOUNT ON;
DECLARE @sqlString NVARCHAR(4000);
DECLARE @groupName SYSNAME
, @numGroups INT
, @countGroups INT = 1;
DECLARE @version NVARCHAR(128) = CONVERT(NVARCHAR(128),SERVERPROPERTY('ProductVersion'))
DECLARE @numericVersion DECIMAL(3,1) = CONVERT(DECIMAL(3,1), (LEFT( @version, CHARINDEX('.', @version, 0) + 1 )) )
CREATE TABLE #usersInGroups (
accountName SYSNAME
, [Type] SYSNAME
, [privilege] SYSNAME
, [mappedLogin] SYSNAME
, [permissionPath] SYSNAME);
CREATE TABLE #allDbUsers(
database_name SYSNAME
, database_username SYSNAME
, sid VARBINARY(85)
);
DECLARE @GO CHAR(4) = CHAR(10) + 'GO' + CHAR(10);
SELECT IDENTITY(INT, 1, 1) AS ID
, name AS GroupName
INTO #windowsGroups
FROM sys.server_principals AS sp
WHERE sp.type = 'G'
AND name NOT LIKE 'NT SERVICE\%';
SET @numGroups = @@ROWCOUNT;
WHILE @countGroups <= @numGroups BEGIN
SELECT @groupName = GroupName
FROM #windowsGroups
WHERE ID = @countGroups;
SET @sqlString = 'EXEC XP_LOGININFO ' + QUOTENAME(@groupName) + ', [members]';
INSERT INTO #usersInGroups
EXECUTE sp_executesql @sqlString;
SET @countGroups += 1;
END;
-- Get all DB users
EXECUTE sp_MSforeachdb N'
USE [?]
INSERT INTO #allDbUsers
SELECT DB_NAME() AS database_name
, name AS database_username
, sid AS principal_sid
FROM sys.database_principals
WHERE is_fixed_role = 0
AND type <> ''R''
AND sid IS NOT NULL
AND name NOT IN (''guest'')
';
-- All server logins with their server roles
SELECT @@SERVERNAME AS ServerName
, sp.principal_id
, sp.name AS LoginName
, sp.type_desc AS LoginType
, CASE WHEN sp.is_disabled = 1 THEN 'Yes' ELSE 'No' END AS IsDisabled
, sp.default_database_name
, STUFF((SELECT ', ' + sp2.name
FROM sys.server_role_members AS srm
LEFT JOIN sys.server_principals AS sp2
ON sp2.principal_id = srm.role_principal_id
WHERE srm.member_principal_id = sp.principal_id
FOR XML PATH('')), 1, 2, '') AS ServerRoles
, STUFF((SELECT ', ' + p.state_desc + ' ' + p.permission_name
FROM sys.server_permissions AS p
WHERE p.grantee_principal_id = sp.principal_id
FOR XML PATH('')), 1, 2, '') AS ServerPermissions
, STUFF( (SELECT ', ' + QUOTENAME(mappedLogin)
FROM #usersInGroups AS u WHERE u.permissionPath = sp.name ORDER BY mappedLogin FOR XML PATH('')), 1, 2, '') AS IncludedLogins
, STUFF( (SELECT ', ' + QUOTENAME(permissionPath)
FROM #usersInGroups AS u WHERE u.mappedLogin = sp.name ORDER BY permissionPath FOR XML PATH('')), 1, 2, '') AS IncludedInWindowsGroups
, STUFF( (SELECT ', ' + QUOTENAME(database_name) + '.' + QUOTENAME(database_username)
FROM #allDbUsers AS u WHERE u.sid = sp.sid ORDER BY database_name FOR XML PATH('')), 1, 2, '') AS MappedToDBuser
, STUFF((SELECT @GO +
CASE WHEN @numericVersion >= 11 THEN 'ALTER SERVER ROLE ' + QUOTENAME(sp2.name) + ' DROP MEMBER ' + QUOTENAME(sp.name)
ELSE 'EXECUTE sys.sp_dropsrvrolemember ' + QUOTENAME(sp.name) + ', ' + QUOTENAME(sp2.name)
END
FROM sys.server_role_members AS srm
LEFT JOIN sys.server_principals AS sp2
ON sp2.principal_id = srm.role_principal_id
WHERE srm.member_principal_id = sp.principal_id
FOR XML PATH('')), 1, 4, '') AS DROP_SERVER_ROLE
, 'USE [master]' + @GO
+ CASE
WHEN sp.type IN ('U', 'G') THEN 'CREATE LOGIN ' + QUOTENAME(sp.name) + ' FROM WINDOWS WITH DEFAULT_DATABASE = ' + QUOTENAME(sp.default_database_name)
ELSE 'CREATE LOGIN ' + QUOTENAME(sp.name) + ' WITH PASSWORD = ' + CONVERT(NVARCHAR(256), LOGINPROPERTY( sp.name, 'PasswordHash' ), 1) +
' HASHED, SID = ' + CONVERT(NVARCHAR(256), (sp.sid), 1) + ', DEFAULT_DATABASE = ' + QUOTENAME(sp.default_database_name) +
', CHECK_POLICY = ' + CASE WHEN sqll.is_policy_checked = 1 THEN 'ON' ELSE 'OFF' END +
', CHECK_EXPIRATION = ' + CASE WHEN sqll.is_expiration_checked = 1 THEN 'ON' ELSE 'OFF' END + @GO
+ (SELECT p.state_desc + ' ' + p.permission_name + ' TO ' + QUOTENAME(sp.name) + @GO AS [text()]
FROM sys.server_permissions AS p
WHERE p.grantee_principal_id = sp.principal_id
FOR XML PATH(''))
END +
CASE WHEN sp.is_disabled = 1 THEN 'ALTER LOGIN ' + QUOTENAME(sp.name) + ' DISABLE' + @GO ELSE '' END +
ISNULL(STUFF( (SELECT CHAR(10) +
CASE WHEN @numericVersion >= 11 THEN 'ALTER SERVER ROLE ' + QUOTENAME(name) + ' ADD MEMBER ' + QUOTENAME(sp.name)
ELSE 'EXECUTE sp_addsrvrolemember ' + QUOTENAME(sp.name) + ', ' + QUOTENAME(name)
END
+ CHAR(10) + 'GO'
FROM sys.server_role_members AS rm
INNER JOIN sys.server_principals AS r
ON r.principal_id = rm.role_principal_id
AND r.type = 'R'
WHERE rm.member_principal_id = sp.principal_id
FOR XML PATH('')), 1, 1, ''), '')
AS CREATE_LOGIN
FROM sys.server_principals AS sp
LEFT JOIN sys.sql_logins AS sqll
ON sqll.sid = sp.sid
WHERE sp.type <> 'R' -- R = Server role
AND sp.name NOT LIKE '#%#'
AND sp.name NOT LIKE 'NT %\%'
AND ( sp.name LIKE ISNULL(@loginName, sp.name)
-- Lookup for the given login within all windows groups in the server
OR EXISTS ( SELECT 1 FROM #usersInGroups AS uig WHERE uig.permissionPath = sp.name AND uig.mappedLogin LIKE ISNULL(@loginName, uig.mappedLogin) ) )
ORDER BY ServerRoles DESC
, LoginType ASC
, LoginName ASC;
DROP TABLE #windowsGroups;
DROP TABLE #usersInGroups;
END;
GO
Conclusion
Executing this stored procedure can give more than one WTF moment for sure, but it’s better to know what is the situation before it’s too late.
I just want to thank again to Kennie Nybo for hosting this month’s event and you for reading this post.
As always any question or comment, please use the comment box below.
